Displaying items by tag: Europe

A new report from the Centre for Strategic and International Studies estimates that around 1.2 million Russian troops have been killed, wounded or gone missing since the invasion of Ukraine nearly four years ago. Despite this enormous human cost, Russia has expanded its control of Ukrainian territory by only about 12%: in the past two years, only by 1.5%. The statistics challenge assertions that a Russian victory is inevitable, noting that Ukraine’s defensive strategy of trenches, mines, obstacles, drones and artillery has limited Russian advances to minimal gains. Mark Rutte has said that in December alone Russia lost 30,000 soldiers (in Afghanistan, they lost 20,000 in ten years). The toll far exceeds Russia’s losses in all its post–World War II conflicts combined. Economically, the war has weakened Russia’s long-term prospects, slowing growth, deepening labour shortages. The war is burdening the not only the current Russian economy but its future prospects, the report says: the country ‘is becoming a second- or third-rate economic power’. Yet Putin is unlikely to settle for a peace deal without further Western pressure on his regime.

The Arctic occupies a central place in Vladimir Putin’s strategic thinking, combining vast natural resources with critical military importance. Russia controls more than half of the Arctic coastline and sees the Northern Sea route as a future rival to the Suez Canal, especially as melting ice opens new shipping lanes. Western sanctions since the invasion of Ukraine have increased Moscow’s reliance on Arctic energy exports and on China as an investor and customer. At the same time, climate change threatens Arctic infrastructure built on thawing permafrost, raising risks of environmental disasters and disease. Militarily, the region underpins Russia’s nuclear deterrent, with key submarine bases on the Kola Peninsula protected by layered defences. Yet NATO’s growing presence and China’s expanding role complicate Putin’s ambitions. The Arctic promises power and prestige, but it is also increasingly unstable and contested.

Tensions between the USA and Europe eased after Donald Trump reversed his threat to impose tariffs on European countries over Greenland and ruled out using force to seize the territory. Speaking in Davos, Trump said a new ‘framework’ had been agreed with NATO secretary-general Mark Rutte, focussing on Arctic security, minerals, and defence cooperation. While details remain vague, the move paused a looming trade dispute that had shaken transatlantic relations and raised fears about NATO’s future. Denmark welcomed the de-escalation but reaffirmed that Greenland’s sovereignty is non-negotiable. European leaders cautiously praised the shift, seeing it as a step away from confrontation. Analysts, however, do not believe that trust can be fully restored, warning that relations may stay fragile, with trade and security tensions ready to resurface.

Spain has entered a period of deep national grief following its deadliest rail disaster in more than a decade. A high-speed collision near Adamuz in southern Andalusia claimed at least 41 lives, with fears that the toll could still rise as recovery work continues. Two trains derailed on 18 January after one strayed into the path of another, and investigators are carefully examining the scene, focusing on a carriage believed to have derailed first. The transport minister said that experts were extremely surprised because it happened on a flat stretch of track which had been renovated in May. Mechanical failure is being considered; sabotage, human error, and excessive speed have been ruled out. Local residents were among the first to help the injured, facing scenes of profound trauma. As families wait anxiously for news and many remain in hospital, the country is observing days of mourning, united in sorrow and still searching for answers.

As Ukraine is enduring one of the harshest winters of the war, Russian strikes continue to target the country’s energy infrastructure. In Kyiv alone, around four thousand buildings remain without heating and nearly 60% of the city has lost electricity following recent attacks. Across the country, communities face similar disruptions amid freezing temperatures. Volodymyr Zelensky has declared a state of emergency in the energy sector, with schools closed, public lighting reduced, and hundreds of thousands leaving the capital. He has also criticised the mayor of Kyiv, former boxer Vitali Klitschko, for not doing enough to restore power quickly. Hospitals have reported more than a thousand cases of frostbite and hypothermia in recent weeks. Emergency warming tents now dot the city, offering shelter and food. Germany has described Russian winter attacks on energy as war crimes, and the International Criminal Court has issued arrest warrants for two top military officials said to be responsible for them.

On a visit to the UK, Karol Nawrocki, Poland’s president, has warned that Europe faces an increasingly dangerous security environment and believes only Donald Trump can restrain Russia’s ambitions. He said that Russia could not be trusted and was actively testing both Poland’s defences and Europe’s unity. He pointed to large-scale drone incursions from Belarus and Ukraine as evidence of a sustained hybrid conflict, involving military pressure and disinformation. While expressing concern about tensions within the Western alliance, he argued that Donald Trump remained Europe’s essential security guarantor and deserved support for efforts to end the war in Ukraine. Nawrocki praised Britain’s military assistance and criticised European leaders for neglecting defence readiness. With Poland investing heavily in security, he urged greater focus on resilience, cooperation and unity in what he described as dangerous and uncertain times.

US senators have introduced bipartisan legislation aimed at safeguarding NATO unity amid rising tensions over Greenland. The bill would prevent US government funds from being used to seize, occupy or otherwise assert control over the territory of any NATO member state. This is a response to repeated statements by Donald Trump suggesting that Greenland, a self-governing territory of Denmark, should come under US control, even by force. Many believe that such rhetoric threatens NATO’s core principle of collective defence and undermines trust among allies. European leaders, particularly in Denmark and Greenland, have firmly rejected any suggestion of US control, emphasising their commitment to NATO, Danish sovereignty and the EU. On 16 January, with the territory’s strategic location and natural resources drawing global attention, Marco Rubio is due to meet the foreign ministers of Denmark and Greenland in Washington, and a bipartisan group of US lawmakers will be in Denmark for talks. Breaking news: some European troops have gone to Greenland after inconclusive talks with the USA. See

The United Kingdom and France have agreed in principle to deploy troops in Ukraine if a peace deal with Russia is reached, marking a significant step in European security planning. Keir Starmer said the declaration of intent would allow British, French and partner forces to operate across Ukraine to deter future aggression, while Emmanuel Macron suggested thousands of troops could be involved. Allies meeting in Paris broadly agreed on the need for robust security guarantees, with the USA expected to lead monitoring of any ceasefire. However, major questions remain unresolved, particularly over territory occupied by Russia and the precise terms of enforcement. Moscow has warned foreign troops would be legitimate targets and has so far remained silent on the proposals. Volodymyr Zelensky, who said on 1 January that a peace deal was ‘90% ready’, welcomed the talks as progress but stressed that guarantees would only matter if they truly ended the war, as pressure grows on all sides to compromise.

Debate over Donald Trump’s apparent interest in taking over Greenland from Denmark has exposed a serious weakness within NATO. While diplomacy may yet prevail, the situation highlights how dependent European allies have become on American military power. Decades of reliance on the USA have left the alliance vulnerable if Washington ever withdraws support or acts independently. The UK illustrates this clearly. Despite presenting itself as Europe’s strongest military force, Britain relies heavily on the United States, particularly through its nuclear partnership and key battlefield 'enablers' such as satellite intelligence, electronic warfare protection and logistics. Successive governments have underinvested in these costly capabilities, assuming American backing would always be guaranteed. This dependence extends across NATO. Many members operate US-built equipment and plan defence around American leadership. Even as allies try to do more, the alliance still assumes a dominant US role. The Greenland debate sharpens a question NATO already faces: what if America is no longer fully on board?

Four days after the New Year’s Day bar fire that killed at least forty people, the Swiss resort of Crans-Montana remained in shock. In silence, thousands braved the cold to march through the town, stopping near the venue where the tragedy occurred, now hidden behind a white tarp. An improvised memorial of candles and flowers reflected the shared grief of residents and visitors alike. Among those gathered was a mother who had waited nearly three days for confirmation of her son’s fate. She described the anguish of uncertainty before finally learning of his death, and the painful relief of being able to begin mourning. While grateful for a final moment to say goodbye, she expressed anger at the prolonged silence from authorities during those critical days. It has now come out that the bar had not been inspected for at least five years: see